Model-independent cosmological constraints from the CMB

We analyse CMB data in a manner which is as independent as possible of the motelof late-time cosmology. This clarifies the minimal constraints that all models of late-time cosmology, whatever their details, have to satisfy in order to agree with CMB observations. Moreover, our analysis provides limits on the physical parameters at decoupling that are independent of the details of what happens at later times. This is particularly for cosmological parameters such as the density of baryons, density of dark matter and the spectral index.