Forward modelling in Cosmology

Cosmology has made remarkable progress in the last few decades, leading to the establishment of the standard model for cosmology. This has however opened a number of fundamental questions about our universe, which remain unanswered. We will first review the current status of the cosmological observations, and some of the tensions they have revealed. We will then describe novel approaches for cosmological analyses based on forward modelling. These will include field level analyses to capture non-gaussian information, machine learning based inference, and map-level probe combination. We will also discuss current effort to generate large simulation suites needed for this approach, as well as its future prospects.